• destination specified by IP address, packet size < 1KB
• transfer time includes
  • d_T transmission delay ... time to push data packet onto "the wire"
  • d_P propagation delay ... time for packet to travel along "the wire"
  • d_C processing delay ... time to check header, re-route to next node
  • d_Q queueing delay ... time waiting on node before transmission
  • need to calculate for N hops, so  ≅ N(d_T + d_P + d_C + d_Q)

Can check transmission times using the ping command